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As a trained scientist, I had a fantastic research mentor. We talked about my research project, which experiments to prioritize and what the data meant, and we even sometimes discussed personal things like family and ties to home. When I joined his lab, I was open with my mentor about my interest in a teaching career and my desire to run a small research program working primarily with undergraduates. However, my career aspirations evolved over the course of my graduate training, and I found myself hesitant to share my new career goals. Though I recognized that my interactions with my mentor were quite positive and supportive, I still feared that sharing my non–academic scientist aspirations would somehow disappoint him, or worse, that I wouldn’t get the fullest support for my research training.
Now, as a career development professional who advises biomedical Ph.D. students, I see this same pattern often. Students express feeling comfortable discussing their research and academic endeavors with their research mentors but hesitate when it comes to discussing career plans outside academic research. They fear not receiving the same level of support and training, letting their mentor down, or being seen as less committed to their research and academic pursuits.
While I find these feelings familiar, I now encourage students to push past these fears. Students can receive valuable guidance and access to further opportunities when they engage in career conversations with their mentors. I also advocate for research mentors to be intentional about incorporating career planning into their training and mentoring conversations. What follows is advice for both students and research mentors for having more productive and positive career conversations.
For Students
Having career conversations is a professional skill you can learn.
The first thing you need to know is you are not alone. Feeling apprehensive about talking to your mentor about your career is completely normal, especially if you have not engaged in these conversations before or if you are expressing a desire to explore careers outside academia. Even if your mentor hasn’t followed the career path you’re considering, they can still offer guidance, opportunities to help you develop transferable skills and connections within their network who may offer inroads into other career sectors.
Start career conversations early. Waiting until you’re rushing to graduate or scrambling for the next step often results in missed opportunities to prepare effectively. Starting these conversations early gives you time to explore different options, take advantage of targeted learning opportunities and make more informed decisions. For example, you could start the conversation with your mentor by saying, “I’ve been learning about careers in science policy and how Ph.D.s can impact policy and regulatory rules in government roles. I’d love to hear your thoughts on this type of career and any advice you might have for exploring it further.” This approach invites your mentor to join the conversation as a collaborator and can set the stage for regular career conversations.
Engage in reverse mentorship. Instead of assuming your mentor cannot help with careers outside academia, consider this an opportunity to take a proactive approach in researching career options and sharing what you learn with your mentor. This can help educate your mentor and also serve as a springboard to discuss transferable skills and potential opportunities. For example, you might say, “I’ve been learning about career opportunities for Ph.D.s in biotech project management roles. These positions value skills like leadership, data interpretation and cross-functional communication. Could we talk about how I might develop these skills further in my current work?” This approach positions you as an active learner and invites your mentor to help you acquire the skills you need. As your mentor learns about the transferable skills most relevant to your career preparation, it may also lead to opportunities where you and your mentor can align your research endeavors with skills needed for your future.
Use an individual development plan to guide regular conversations. Having one career conversation is a great start, but ideally you would have these conversations on a more regular basis. An IDP is a great tool for structuring regular career discussions with your mentor and is often used on an annual or semiannual basis. The IDP can guide you to reflect on your career interests, identify skills you want to develop and set clear, actionable goals. You can then share and discuss your IDP with your mentor during regular check-ins to seek their advice on your goals and progress. This provides a collaborative approach to your career planning, keeps your discussions focused and over all helps you both be more transparent with your planning. Many Ph.D. programs provide their own customized IDPs that incorporate research and career planning. Another widely used resource is the myIDP tool from Science Careers, which provides a step-by-step framework for self-assessment, career exploration and goal-setting.
For Research Mentors
You can support career discussions, even outside your area of expertise.
For research mentors, it’s understandable that these conversations can feel daunting when you don’t have experience in the career fields your students are interested in. However, mentors don’t need to be experts in every career to provide students with meaningful support, valuable connections and opportunities for skill enhancement.
Normalize career discussions. Encourage your student to talk about their career aspirations early in the mentoring relationship and be supportive of careers outside of academia. This signals to your student that their career is just as important as their research, and you’re invested in helping them succeed whether they choose an academic career or not. You can start by simply saying, “I know your interests may change throughout your studies, but what are some career options you are currently considering after graduate school?” Asking your student what they are considering is a much less intimidating question than “What do you want to do or be?” It also invites your student to be more open with what they are thinking and creates space for their choices to evolve as they gain further experiences.
Ask questions and offer connections. Even if you don’t know much about, say, a career in science communication or technology commercialization, you can still ask reflective questions to help your student clarify their goals. Asking, “What excites you about this path?” or “What skills do you think are important in that field?” shows interest and invites further conversation. If possible, you can then connect them with lab alumni or professionals in your network who may have more expertise in that specific career field. Your institution may also have a career development office that you can refer your student to for further career-readiness support. If you truly don’t know about the career, sharing a willingness to learn can set the stage for productive conversations in the future.
Recognize the value of transferable skills. Your student is learning a wealth of skills in their academic and research experiences. As their mentor, you can assist your student in understanding how the research skills they’re developing—such as critical thinking, data analysis, grant writing and project management—can apply broadly across many careers. Additionally, as your student identifies skills they will need in the specific career they are targeting, you may be able to help them gain experiences honing those skills. The student interested in scientific writing may become your go-to person for editing, and together you can plan to have the student lead efforts on a comprehensive review and assist more with grant writing. Or you may ask the student aspiring to move into data science to take on a project analyzing large data sets and give them more opportunities to practice their programming skills. When you align transferable skill development with research endeavors, you’re actively supporting your student’s career goals in a way that is productive for both of you.
Acknowledge that career choices are based on personal and professional goals. Your student’s career decisions are based on both their personal priorities as well as their professional ambitions. Family planning, financial stability, caregiving responsibilities, health needs, visa restrictions or a need for geographic flexibility are just a few of the many factors that influence career decision-making. If you treat these considerations as unimportant or secondary to research, you will not adequately help your student navigate key factors in their long-term career decision-making. However, encouraging your student to integrate both personal and professional priorities into their career planning demonstrates an investment in them as a whole person and supports them in making thoughtful and sustainable career choices aligned with their personal needs.
Coda
I still remember my own mentor’s reaction when I finally shared my career goals. He admitted that he didn’t know much about the career I wanted to pursue—academic administration—but he then reassured me of his support. It turned out that I didn’t need to be nervous about this conversation. He was happy to provide supportive recommendation letters, help me make connections, serve as a positive job reference and offer general job-seeking advice. I graduated shortly thereafter, and his support played a critical role in landing positions early in my career. My only regret when I think back to my time as a graduate student is knowing that I could have begun to have these career conversations sooner.
